Visual digit span test visually presents the digit sequences, which are displayed simultaneously in a row. Digit span test mainly reflects the executive function among various cognitive functions. Outcome measurements for the primary outcome were the digit span test using computerized neuropsychological test (CoTras-P MEDI-IS, Seoul, Korea). Another problem with stroke patients is that it is difficult to establish an exercise protocol for them due to multiple factors like aerobic, mobility moment, abdominal breathing, and relaxation exercises. However, the Tai Chi training is not suitable for stroke patients, as it requires good functional level for independent movement. This complex exercise program requiring diverse movements following instructions has demonstrated improvements in various fields such as global cognitive and executive functions, processing speed, attention, and working memories. Tai Chi training, a kind of task-specific training that combines aspects of aerobic, strength, flexibility or balance training, had positive effects in both cognitively impaired adults and healthy older adults. In addition, resistance training led to enhancement in cognitive performance and maximized cognitive recovery after a stroke. Physical activities such as walking and jogging resulted in a reduced risk of cognitive impairment in stroke survivors. The positive effects of various training programs on cognition have been identified.
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